EFFECTIVENESS OF PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTIONS IN CONTROLLING THE SPREAD OF COVID-19: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic prompted the widespread use of public health interventions to reduce transmission and mitigate health system burdens. Despite extensive implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) such as lockdowns, mask mandates, and social distancing, the evidence regarding their effectiveness remains scattered and inconsistent across settings. A consolidated synthesis of current research is needed to guide future public health strategies and pandemic preparedness.

Objective: This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of public health interventions in controlling the spread of COVID-19, with a focus on non-pharmaceutical strategies implemented across diverse populations and geographical regions.

Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Literature was searched across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library from December 2019 to April 2024. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental designs, cohort studies, and systematic reviews examining NPIs targeting COVID-19 transmission. Data extraction and risk of bias assessments were independently performed using standardized forms and validated tools (Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale). A qualitative synthesis was used due to heterogeneity in study designs and outcomes.

Results: Eight studies were included in the final analysis, encompassing a range of NPIs such as lockdowns, quarantine, contact tracing, mask-wearing, and public health communication. Interventions were associated with significant reductions in case growth rate, mortality, and transmission (e.g., daily case growth reduced by 4.68%, reproduction number dropped by up to 1.90). Effectiveness varied by implementation timing, public compliance, and local contextual factors.

Conclusion: Non-pharmaceutical public health interventions played a pivotal role in mitigating COVID-19 spread. The evidence supports their continued inclusion in pandemic response frameworks. However, variations in context and compliance highlight the need for adaptable, evidence-based strategies. Future research should explore optimal combinations of NPIs and assess long-term health and socio-economic impacts.