ADVANCES IN HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTION MECHANISMS IN EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES-A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Abstract

Background: Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) present a growing global health threat, often fueled by complex and dynamic interactions between hosts and pathogens. Understanding these interactions at molecular, cellular, and ecological levels is critical for improving clinical outcomes, enhancing surveillance, and informing therapeutic strategies. Given the rising frequency of zoonotic spillovers and pathogen evolution, an updated synthesis of host-pathogen interaction mechanisms is essential for modern infectious disease research and practice.

Objective: This narrative review aims to explore recent advancements in the understanding of host-pathogen interactions, with a focus on mechanisms that underpin disease emergence, immune modulation, and cross-species transmission.

Main Discussion Points: The review discusses major themes including receptor-mediated pathogen entry, immune evasion strategies, host genetic and epigenetic factors, ecological influences on transmission, and the role of high-throughput omics and computational modeling in advancing the field. Variability in host responses, the impact of community structure, and the limitations of current study designs are also critically examined.

Conclusion: While the body of evidence provides valuable insights into host-pathogen interactions, it remains limited by methodological heterogeneity and underrepresentation of diverse populations. Future research should prioritize longitudinal, integrative, and mechanistically focused approaches to better translate molecular insights into clinical and public health applications.