FREQUENCY OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN HEPATITIS C PATIENTS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Abstract

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is recognized not only for its hepatic complications but also for its metabolic impact, particularly its association with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The viral-driven insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction significantly increase the risk of dysglycemia. While global estimates suggest a considerable burden of diabetes in HCV-infected individuals, local data in Pakistan remain limited. Understanding this comorbidity in high-burden settings is crucial to guide screening and integrated care strategies.

Objective: The study aimed to determine the prevalence of T2DM among adult HCV-positive in-patients and to examine its association with age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and family history of diabetes.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the medical wards of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre (JPMC), Karachi. A total of 320 adults (≥18 years) with confirmed HCV infection were consecutively enrolled. Demographic, anthropometric, and clinical details were collected, alongside biochemical assessment including fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA₁c). T2DM was defined by American Diabetes Association criteria. Univariate associations were assessed, and predictors were identified using multivariable logistic regression. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results: Of the 320 participants, 96 (30.0%) were diagnosed with T2DM. Prevalence differed across age groups: 18.8% in those <40 years, 36.3% in 40–59 years, and 31.3% in ≥60 years (p < 0.001). Diabetes was more common among males (33.7%) than females (25.0%), though this was not significant (p = 0.08). T2DM prevalence rose with BMI: 7.8% in normal weight, 32.9% in overweight, and 76.9% in obese patients (p < 0.001). A positive family history was strongly associated, with T2DM in 50.0% versus 18.0% without (p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, independent predictors included advancing age (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.05; p = 0.002), higher BMI (OR 1.15 per unit, 95% CI 1.08–1.23; p < 0.001), and family history of diabetes (OR 3.10, 95% CI 1.85–5.20; p < 0.001).

Conclusion: Nearly one in three HCV-infected in-patients had T2DM, far exceeding general population rates. The strong influence of age, adiposity, and family predisposition underscores the need for routine diabetes screening and integrated care pathways in HCV management within Pakistan.