CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS OF POSTURAL ABNORMALITIES IN SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN

Abstract

Background: Postural abnormalities, including Forward Head Posture (FHP), lumbar lordosis, and kyphosis, are increasingly prevalent among young adults, particularly those in academic settings. Contributing factors such as sedentary lifestyles, suboptimal ergonomics, and reduced physical activity have exacerbated these issues globally. Despite growing awareness, limited regional research exists on postural abnormalities and their associated factors, especially in South Asia. This study focuses on young male students in Punjab, Pakistan, to address this critical public health concern.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of postural abnormalities and their associations with age, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity among young male students in Punjab, Pakistan.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to May 2024 across multiple academic institutions in Punjab. A total of 500 male students aged 18–25 years were selected using stratified random sampling. Data collection included demographic surveys, BMI measurements, and physical activity assessments using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Postural abnormalities, including FHP, lumbar lordosis, and kyphosis, were evaluated using photogrammetry and a spinal mouse device. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 28, with Pearson’s correlation and logistic regression models applied to explore associations.

Results: The prevalence of FHP was 86.4%, making it the most common abnormality, followed by lumbar lordosis (72.8%) and kyphosis (40.6%). Participants with FHP had an average BMI of 24.5 kg/m² and a mean age of 20.8 years. Higher BMI correlated with lumbar lordosis (mean BMI = 23.7 kg/m², p < 0.01), while physical inactivity was significantly associated with kyphosis (p < 0.05). Participants aged 20–23 years exhibited the highest rates of abnormalities, with 82% falling into this age group.

Conclusion: Postural abnormalities are highly prevalent among young male students in Punjab, with FHP as the leading issue. Significant associations with BMI and physical activity levels suggest the need for targeted preventive measures and lifestyle interventions. Public health strategies must prioritize awareness and correctional programs for this vulnerable population.